References

• 1. NICE    (2016). Low Back Pain and Sciatica in Over 16s. NICE NG59
  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng59
• 2. Hartvigsen et al.           (2018). The Lancet Low Back Pain Series     
  https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)30480-X/fulltext
• 3. Funabashi et al.           (2019). Adverse Events Associated with Spinal Manipulation. PLOS ONE               
  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0270671
• 4. NICE    (2018). Shared Decision Making. NICE NG197
  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng1984
• 5. GCC     (2023). General Chiropractic Council Standards / What to Expect
  https://www.gcc-uk.org/assets/downloads/GCC_Clinical_Placement_Guide_2023_FINAL.pdf 
• 6. Hayden et al.  (2021). Exercise Therapy for Chronic Low Back Pain. BMJ               
  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8477273/
• 7. Geraghty et al.    (2018). Self-Management of Low Back Pain. Lancet Review               
  https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanrhe/article/PIIS2665-9913(24)00086-9/fulltext
• 8. BCA      (2023). Chiropractic Explained. British Chiropractic Association
  https://chiropractic-uk.co.uk/advice-opinion/patients/introducing-chiropractic
• 9. Underwood et al.        (2004). UK BEAM Trial Cost Effectiveness               
  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15556954/
• 10. Kaptchuk et al.             (2025). Chiropractic: Origins, Controversies, and Contributions.       
  https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/210355
• 11. Whedon et al. (2015). Risk of stroke after chiropractic spinal manipulation in Medicare B beneficiaries aged 66 to 99 years with neck pain. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 38. 
  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25596875/
• 12. GCC     “General Chiropractic Council.” General Chiropractic Council.  
  https://www.gcc-uk.org/assets/downloads/The_Code_of_Professional_Practice.pdf
• 13. Senstad et al. “Side-effects of chiropractic spinal manipulation: types frequency, discomfort and course.” Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, vol. 19, 1996.               
  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8725094/
• 14. GOV.UK              “Chiropractor | Regulated Professions Register.” General Chiropractic Council website.
  Https://www.regulated-professions.service.gov.uk/professions/chiropractor
• 15. Bronfort G, Haas M, Evans R, et al. Effectiveness of manual therapies: the UK evidence report. Chiropractic & Osteopathy. 2010;18(3).
  Https://chiromt.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-1340-18-4
• 16. Rubinstein et al.           Rubinstein SM, Terwee CB, Assendelft WJJ, et al. Benefits and harms of spinal manipulative therapy for the treatment of chronic low back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2019;364:l689.
  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30867144/
• 17. Cassidy JD, Boyle E, et al.      Risk of vertebrobasilar stroke and chiropractic care: results of a population-based case–control and case–crossover study. Spine. 2008;33(4S).               
  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18204390/
• 18. Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean M, Forciea MA, et al.   Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(7):514–530.               
  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28192789/
• 19. Gyer G, et al. Spinal manipulation therapy: Is it all about the brain? A current review of the neurophysiological effects of manipulation. 2019
  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joim.2019.05.005
• 20. Hawk et al.      Best practices for chiropractic management               
  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28330519/
• 21. Eklund, Jensen, Lohela-Karlsson, et al.        Maintenance care vs symptom-guided treatment               
  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30208070/
• 22. Farabaugh et al.           Costs of chiropractic vs other interventions
  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10918856/
• 23. Farabaugh et al.           Cost of chiropractic vs medical care               
  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38448998/
• 24 Skargren EI, Carlsson PG, Oberg BE               Cost & effectiveness chiropractic vs physio               
  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9762745/
• 25. Whedon et al. Risk of Stroke After Chiropractic Spinal Manipulation in Medicare B Beneficiaries
• 26. NHS Informed Consent in Healthcare. NHS England 2020.
  https://www.england.nhs.uk/consent/
• 27. W H Kirkaldy-Willis, J D Cassidy        Spinal Manipulation in the Treatment of Low-Back Pain                https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2327983/
• For the full evidence library, see our Chiropractic Evidence and References page.